1873-1874, End of a Century?: Time and Space in Valera's Pepita Jiménez, Ros de Olano's Jornadas de retorno, and Alarcón's El sombrero de tres picos and La Alpujarra

This article argues for the existence of a literature of the first Spanish Republic in the early 1870s. Valera's Pepita Jimenez makes sense in relation to this literature, rather than in comparison with 'Realism'. The literature of the first republic is distinguished by two facets: an ongoing dialogue with Ros de Olano's experiments in simultaneous compression and extension of form; and a belief that the nineteenth-century revolutionary spirit of the age has reached a critical end point, and needs reinvention that leads to Restoration politics

Some cultural consequences in Spain of the Spanish Invasion of Morocco 1859-60

This article argues is a contribution to the study of interrelationships between colonialism, art, and literature in the nineteenth century. The article argues that the Spanish invasion of Morocco in 1859 led to contradictions and tensions within liberal nationalism, not least because of concerns about the tensions between the need for military reassertion of Spain and the respect for the independence of nations. This led to some reconfiguration of Spanish intellectuals' already complex relationship with North Africa and Islam. A major, perhaps surprising consequence of this reconfiguration, was some equation of Moroccan identity with a monotonous surface that was resistant to the gaze. In consequence, the Catalan painter Fortuny's crucial experience of Morocco led him to value near blank surfaces, and thus to make a major contribution to the origins of modern art